Processing information attentively for meaning;
thinking systematically (structure, connections, etc.);
being empowered to unpack stuff and continually make revisions and sense;
skills of inquiry.
In short, active thinking. Quoting my recent comments (Why do some students struggle so much with fractions):
Or how about just cultivating confidence (by sufficiently exposing learners to the process of intellectual discovery, being methodical, and reasoning that involves more than one step, being methodical, and the process of intellectual discovery)? Technical topics naturally seem formidable when it continues to feel alien to be applying attention span to them.
I was riffing generally that, especially when it comes to hierarchical and technical subjects, waving the white flag at the first opportunity is a vicious cycle. Like reflexively dismissing alien cultures and never getting to broaden horizons.
Edit to clarify that the above illustration is an inherently didactic concept map, not an inspirational poster.