How to handle the situation when you made a stupid mistake in front of the class?

I don't know whether you guys have made a similar experience but it just happened to me: I made a very stupid mistake in front of the class. I can't really tell you how it happened and I feel too ashamed to even tell you what it was (and it doesn't really matter) but anyway

my questions are:

How should one best handle the situation in the following cases:

1. you realize it yourself more or less immediately
2. you realize it only much later because something (e.g. a proof) is not working properly
3. you don't realize it at all but a student tells you in front of the class (this happenend to me)

So my questions really aim at best practices of experienced educators.

EDIT: Seeing all the great answers and the upvotes I am really relieved that it is not only me - Thank you all for these great tips! :-)

• Hm, I'm just wondering whether the mistake I made some time ago - I somehow screwed the formula for $(a+b)^2$ - was more stupid than yours or not. Don't be ashamed, it's normal to make (even stupid) mistakes. (Unless you're an android or something, that is.) – mbork Apr 9 '14 at 17:51
• Basically, don't pretend to infallibility or authority-of-knowing. Only that, inarguably, you have greater experience, and are a fallible human being. This eliminates many of the formal role-acting issues that we could imagine arise. – paul garrett Apr 11 '14 at 23:47
• I always admit my mistakes. One of my high schools told me that I was the only teacher he had that would admit that they were wrong. I'd like to think that I modeled an important skill. – Amy B Nov 20 '15 at 13:17
• Even worse, there is the case where no one catches it at all, and it hits you a day later, or someone mentions it in office hours. In this case I email the class that "There was a mistake in the last lecture, see if you can find it" and be prepared to discuss it at the beginning of next lecture." – WetlabStudent Nov 22 '15 at 5:19
• @MHH: What a coincidence: This is what happened to me on Friday and I found out yesterday. I was thinking along the same lines: I will see the class on Thursday again and will ask them if anybody found the mistake and that we will talk about it on Friday (Thursday and Friday are different courses but the same students). – vonjd Nov 22 '15 at 7:32

Edit (Nov 2015): I feel it would be disingenuous not to mention that my views on this matter have evolved since posting my original answer, which remains un-edited, below. I suppose the provided answer could be contextualized specifically in the setting of a mathematics course for undergraduate mathematics majors that is primarily lecture-based. If you are a stick-to-the-script sort of lecturer, and are trying to get through material at a fast pace, then the suggestion may still be useful. If your class incorporates student discussion and you are willing to draw from scripts but also improvise in your teaching, then I think the approach of, after getting lost in a mistake, deciding to state a result holds by fiat and moving on - then providing written notes for the next class meeting - may be unnecessarily rigid, and, ultimately, sub-optimal. From a "meta"-perspective, I would consider my earlier answer mistaken, and, personally, I find the remarks of JPBurke here to be much more enlightening.

Since my answer was accepted, I cannot (per StackExchange rules) delete it. Since it was up-voted a fair amount, I think editing over its content significantly would be misleading. Hence this disclaimer.

Anecdote: I know a very experienced and well-liked professor (emeritus, now) of mathematics who would send a small square of chocolate via snail mail to any student who pointed out a mistake. The professor brought in typed up versions of what he was going to cover each class meeting, and the mistake could be anything said aloud, written on the board, or typed up in his notes. (Related: Donald Knuth's policy.)

Responses:

How should one best handle the situation in the following cases:

$$1.$$ you realize it yourself more or less immediately

Either correct it immediately or pause and tell the class that you made a mistake. Ask everyone to spend a minute looking for it. (Of course, this will only make sense in certain scenarios; for example, it probably would not make sense in writing down the givens before proving a theorem, since students don't know what result you are aiming for.)

$$2.$$ you realize it only much later because something (e.g. a proof) is not working properly

If it's straightforward to go through and correct it (e.g., a minus sign is missing in several places) then either follow the advice of $$1$$ above or draw a hard line on the board, remark what the error is, and write what's correct. If you aren't even sure what the correct conclusion should be by then, then admit the mistake, note that everyone makes them (it would be nice for students to get 100s on all tests, but unlikely) and abandon ship to focus on the next result.

In any event, type up a clean version of the result and its proof to hand out (and possibly discuss) during the next class period.

$$3.$$ you don't realize it at all but a student tells you in front of the class (this happened to me)

Thank the student, and ask him or her (if possible) to explain why it is an error to the rest of the class. Ask if another student can suggest a way to fix it. Then decide whether going back over what has been written would be a good use of class time, or whether you should ask that they accept the conclusion on faith for the time being. (You might even put such a decision to a majority vote.)

Once again, in any case you should type up a clean version of the related mathematics to distribute (and possibly discuss) during the next class period.

• An anecdote of my own: I had a high school (grade 11) geography teacher who told the class that if he said something wrong and we could prove it, he'd substitute a low grade for a 100% at the end of the semester. (I had to prove that steel wasn't an element and iron wasn't made from steel and other elements) I prefer the above method from Benjamin because it involves the entire class, rather than a single student learning from the teacher's mistake – David Wilkins Apr 9 '14 at 17:16

In my view, mathematics education is not about the authority of the teacher, it's about developing the students as their own mathematical authorities. Ultimately, the authority in mathematics is that any one of us can use what we have learned, even via different methods, to verify what other people have done.

In mathematics classrooms, we do not learn only mathematical rules and structure. We learn to think mathematically. And this involves learning something about our identity relative to "mathematics." Valuable things for your students to learn:

• Every one of them can wield mathematical authority; that's the power of learning mathematics.
• In mathematics (and in science, and in life) we have some responsibility to trustworthiness, which means an attitude of eagerness to be challenged.
• Justification is not an inconvenient response to a challenge, it is a vital mathematical practice
• We should avoid anything that teaches the student that making a mistake is something to be ashamed of; when students learn that, they begin to attribute their own mistakes to "not being good at math." They start to believe that someone good at math would not have made that mistake.

A teacher who is relying on cultivating the air of an infallible mathematical authority will have a hard time conveying important aspects of mathematics to the students. But worse, that concern seems to put one's own personal emotional well-being ahead of the students' learning. If this façade helps you avoid challenges from the students, is it for their good, or is it ego-driven? It's a question educators should at least consider. Who benefits?

If students learn from you that even teachers make mistakes, but yet they persevere in correcting them, they may see themselves as possibly reaching your level, with some work. Isn't that, ultimately, our goal as mathematics educators?

EDIT:

I thought I would offer one peek into the implications of the development identity in mathematics classrooms, since I am interested broadly in STEM education and how people come to see themselves as entering STEM fields. Jo Boaler has done research on the implications of different models of teaching in math classrooms, and one perspective she has used to compare traditional and more heavily discussion-based classrooms is to look at the developing identities of the students. One brief excerpt from one of Prof. Boaler's papers illustrates some of what students say when they begin to think mathematics is not for them:

The disaffected students we interviewed were being turned away from mathematics because of pedagogical practices that are unrelated to the nature of mathematics (Burton, 1999a, b). Most of the students who told us about their rejection of mathematics in the 4 didactic classrooms – 9 girls and 5 boys, all successful mathematics students – had decided to leave the discipline because they wanted to pursue subjects that offered opportunities for expression, interpretation and human agency. In contrast, those students who remained motivated and interested in the traditional classes were those who seemed happy to ‘receive’ knowledge and to be relinquished of the requirement to think deeply:

J: I always like subjects where there is a definite right or wrong answer. That’s why I’m not a very inclined or good English student. Because I don’t really think about how or why something is the way it is. I just like math because it is or it isn’t. (Jerry, Lemon school)

In other words, there was a sort of filtering process going on in heavily didactic classrooms, teaching students to select themselves out of mathematics if they were interested in having control of their own choices (human agency), self-expression, and interpretation. The students who stayed interested were ones who felt relieved at the lack of complexity of "one right answer."

By contrast, the students in a more discussion-oriented calculus classroom did not see mathematics learning as conflicting with their developing identities as expressive, interpretive people with personal agency. Part of the difference between these two types of classroom is in how authority is seen.

It's more than just how mistakes are handled, of course. I offered this example to show that there is much more going on in math classrooms, and part of it is very important to how students determine what they are going to put their effort into.

Something to consider!

Works Cited

Boaler, J. (2002). The development of disciplinary relationships: knowledge, practice and identity in mathematics classrooms. For the Learning of Mathematics, 22(1), 42–47.

Well, at least in cases 1 and 3, I usually say (in a serious tone): "Well, I did it on purpose, to see if anybody is actually paying attention to what I'm saying". It usually takes the students about 3 times (sometimes over a couple of weeks) until they realize it's a joke. Then, I usually explain to them that it's normal, and in the process of learning one is actually expected to make mistakes - this is just natural. It is probably a good idea to proceed then to explaining that the difference between a student and a teacher is not that the latter does not make mistakes, but that the teacher (as a more mature human being, at least in theory;)): (i) makes them less often, (ii) can more easily see whether something is correct or not, and (iii) does not build his/her self-esteem on whether s/he makes mistakes. (That said, I don't try to claim that I always live up to the ideal described here; in fact, I'm still far from it...)

In general, I find that making a bit fun of it is a good way to cope with the natural stress of such a situation. A few other running gags I employ are:

• "Well, you see, I'm an idiot, but don't tell that to my dean, 'cause he's going to fire me."

• "I'm lucky I already passed this course."

I think that (besides being funny, though your mileage may vary on that) it's quite formative for students to see that their teacher: (i) also is a human being and makes mistakes, (ii) does not have a problem with admitting it, and (iii) does not treat himself too seriously.

Of course, it's not that easy, and requires some effort to develop such an attitude (and even then, it does not work all the time, obviously). But my experience tells me that especially the trait described in (iii) is very useful here (and also in general).

That said, some time ago I did an extremely stupid mistake of making a bad drawing (it was an elementary geometry problem) and discarding a correct answer because it didn't fit to my bad drawing. Even though I was very embarrassed (so it must have been a really stupid mistake), since it was an introductory course for freshmen, I decided that it's too good an opportunity to waste it, and I did a mini-lecture on how bad drawings can hinder our reasoning. So I think that both a student's mistake and a teacher's one may make a good opportunity to teach something.

• I like your use of humor. Lightheartedness lowers the stakes a bit. I think it contributes to an environment where the students might be more expressive, and willing to make mistakes that they can learn from. – JPBurke Apr 10 '14 at 13:37

Making a mistake in maths is a positively good thing to do. There are lots of students these days that seem to think maths is something they can never be good at and that if you are good at maths it means you are some sort of weirdo with a brain that functions completely differently to theirs. However this isn't true and it can give the students confidence in their own ability to see that you make mistakes as well.

I also teach programming and quite often I use lecture time to demonstrate how to go about writing and debugging programs by writing a non-trivial bit of code live during the lecture. Of course I make mistakes, and frequently the student spots them before I do. One of the benefits of this is that I can show them how to go about writing programs in a way that limits your opportunity for mistakes and that makes fixing them as easy as possible. The same is true for maths, the fact that you make mistakes is a good way of teaching the importance of checking your maths as yo go, and if there is time to see if you can get the same result by a different method. If we never made mistakes, this sort of thing wouldn't be "good practice".

So for the three cases:

1. you realize it yourself more or less immediately

Ask the students if they have spotted it - good opportunity for involving the students in the class

1. you realize it only much later because something (e.g. a proof) is not working properly

Use it as an opportunity for demonstrating how to go about finding out what the problem is, and how to check as you go along.

1. you don't realize it at all but a student tells you in front of the class (this happened to me)

Commend the student, point out that we all make mistakes when doing maths and that this is to be expected and nothing to be embarrassed about. If maths was easy there wouldn't be any fun in it, and the fact maths is hard means you are entitled to enjoy your successes.

• Welcome to the site! I absolutely love the comparison to programming. No one writes [code / elementary algebra] that works the first time unless they work in a certain slow, methodical way and [include comments / show work]. – Chris Cunningham Apr 9 '14 at 14:44
• Thank you, I especially liked: "If maths was easy there wouldn't be any fun in it, and the fact maths is hard means you are entitled to enjoy your successes." :-) – vonjd Apr 9 '14 at 15:33
• I agree with @ChrisCunningham: comparison to programming is great. And that reminded me of the famous Knuthian "Beware of bugs in this code: I didn't test it, I only proved it correct." – mbork Apr 9 '14 at 18:00
• @mbork, I like the Knuth quote. My definition of a trivial program is one where you know it to be bug-free ;o) – Dikran Marsupial Apr 9 '14 at 18:10

It happened to me and I think to most of us. The most important thing is that this should not happen too often, then you can handle it. If this happen too often, then you lose credibility.

But if you react the correct way, there is no problem if this happens once. I think it is important to acknowledge your mistake and make a correction as soon as possible. Students are no fools, and we would like to teach them to think critically. The whole scientific world relies on acknowledging our mistakes and searching for the truth. We are no gods, and if this happens only once then this can be even beneficial.

If you recognize the mistake immediately, then it is the easiest: you just correct yourself. If a student recognizes your mistake shortly after you made it, thank her and correct the mistake. Write out the correct part in detail.

If you recognize an earlier mistake, then the same applies, but, if it is important, you should even hand out notes on the corrected statement.

But the most important thing is, as I said, that you should not let this happen too often.

Making a mistake is OK! In fact, I think your students would react positively if you explain that you made a mistake, and challenge them to find it.

I've been praised for the way I handle my own mistakes in class.

If you're especially afraid of making mistakes, try implementing mistakes on a more regular basis, on purpose, and still challenge the class to find it. That way, when you make a mistake for real, and a student notices it, you can just say "good job" after having them elaborate on why it's wrong. It'll give you time to find out if it's a true mistake, or if the student is mistaken.

• @Aleksander: what part did I handle wrong? I would be happy to learn, I am also unsure about this problem. – András Bátkai Apr 9 '14 at 9:56
• @AndrásBátkai The part where you said "And if it was a grave mistake long undetected, then I would (silently) avoid that part in the exam not to get in argument in students." It seems to me like you're withholding knowledge from your students by just avoiding it. If you were more open about it, they'd be better equipped to build on the knowledge. One of the largest problems for students, is that they try to acquire knowledge that requires previous knowledge. If they've been taught wrong, then that basis is full of holes, making it virtually impossible for them to learn higher levels. – Alec Apr 9 '14 at 10:00

There is absolutely nothing wrong with making a mistake in front of the class. I even claim that it may be helpful for the students to see you make mistakes. Think about it, we work from examples that we have planned in advance. The students don't see us struggle with problems, we make it look easy on the board. Then they go home to work on homework and don't understand why they struggle with it.

There is also a psychological aspect to this as well. Students tend to judge themselves (and their mathematical ability) on whether or not they can get the right answer. Furthermore, they also need something to compare their mathematical ability against, and usually they will compare themselves against the instructor. I tell my students the first day of class, that I am human, I don't know everything there is to know about mathematics, (or whatever course I am currently teaching) and I will make mistakes on the board. I also tell them that I will sometimes make intentional mistakes to see if they can catch them. The main thing is not to make a big deal of it. I made a mistake, now the learning can start.

The jist is that students need to see that we make mistakes also, they need to know that we struggle with our level mathematical work just like they struggle with their homework.

Case 1: If it is a minor mistake (e.g. wrong sign) point it out, correct it and go on. If the mistake is a grave one, stop and explain what went wrong (maybe even ask students to spot the mistake themselves)

Case 2: Depends on how much later. If it is still in the current class, correct it immediately (see case 1). If it was in the latest class mention and correct the error at the beginning of the next class. If the mistake was made far earlier try to hand out corrected papers and/or take some time at the next class to address it, especially if it isn't something as simple as a wrong sign.

Case 3: Congratulate the student who found it, proceed like case 1.

Reason: Everybody can and does make mistakes from time to time, but it is handled best if you can spot and correct the mistake instantly before the students have time to internalize (memorize) it. Better yet, explain how to avoid that kind of mistake - especially if your students can't find the mistake on their own.

I personally can relate to the third case, but as the student who spotted the mistake. My teachers handled it quite well, correct the error and proceed with the lesson as planned. They didn't take it personal, they even encouraged others to find their mistakes. As a student this was kind of a relief: one was sure to get a "right" result and one could see that the teacher isn't perfect either, which gave some students a morale boost.

Generally I think it's a good idea to explain how to spot and avoid most common mistakes, since this is the problem most students have when studying on their own. Most teachers don't plan to do this at all because normally their prepared classes work out nicely so there aren't many possibilities for mistakes to happen.

P.S.: English isn't my native language, feel free to correct me if something isn't clear/easy to understand ;)

You just tell the truth and say something like, "Oh, I made a mistake", and correct it by saying something like "it should be ...". You are the instructor and you are required to deliver the truth. If students don't do something correctly, you correct them. I you don't do something correctly, you correct yourself. If the students correct you, you accept it. No matter how ridiculous the mistake, my students are completely accepting it. Each time, the event passes as if nothing happened. It's not a big deal. The whole point is to deliver the correct information. The truth is more important than any ego.

I bring them doughnuts.

This happens to all of us from time to time, sometimes in little ways sometimes in bigger ones. I want to encourage my students to question things so every time they catch me making a math mistake, the class gets a point. When we get to 15 points (they are 13 week semester courses), I bring in doughnuts the next day.

You don’t mention the level, but the issue is applicable at all levels.

I work in a High School.

One skill I think has faded over time is the ability/desire to check one’s work. I’m a fan of teaching students to check to see that their answer is correct.

When I am at the board, lecturing, I hope to engage the class by asking them to verify my work as I move along. When a student finds I’ve made a mistake, I thank them, and tell the class that mistakes and the process of correcting them are part of the process.

I do my best to engage with the students in a way that encourages them to not be intimidated by what they don’t know, but rather to use what they know to get a valid result. It’s important that they understand no one is infallible and errors along the way are ok, as long as we learn from them.

If the error is a little one then I pass it off as intentional, for their learning. However, if the error is more substantial then I go stand in the corner for a little while. The students then gain enjoyment from my suffering and all is well. When you teach as much as many of us do, making some errors is an inevitability.

What I am most annoyed by is when I make an error and nobody says anything. This is one of the few things which makes me angry. Usually this doesn't happen, but, if it does happen it seems that the end of class is the prime time. Naturally, many students would rather let my mistake fester than correct it and go overtime by a minute.

• (1) Going to the corner is cool. (2) End of class: Yeah...that's not just kids, it's human nature. Nobody likes a class, lecture, or sermon that goes over time. Most important rule...don't go over. Just don't do it. They will allow a lot...but that is a pet peeve for the audience. – guest Apr 8 '18 at 0:24
• Hmm - I used to get mad about the latter, but then I realized how unlikely it is that a student is able to get this right. It takes a combination of things for a student to say something unless it's pretty obvious. I had a prof in grad school who would always berate us for not noticing what, to him, were trivial errors ... though I think only one of our class was even capable of noticing them :-) – kcrisman Apr 22 '19 at 15:13

There are two aspects to this question. One is how to handle mistakes with respect to the class in which they are made. The other is how to handle them in terms of one's preparation for giving class.

When doing a long computation on the board I sometimes make some arithmetical or sign mistake. I anticipate this, warn students about, and use it as a vehicle for teaching them strategies to catch their own mistakes. Students hardly ever complete a computation without making mistakes themselves, and need to learn first, to expect to make mistakes, and second, to realize and organize computations and thinking in such a way as to facilitate detection, localization, and correction of the errors that are inevitably made. (People who teach computer programming all understand this and call it "debugging".) For example, when solving an initial value problem for an ODE or calculating an integral one can always subsequently check the putative answer by differentiating it; this is a good practice for students, and I usually do it in class also. One wants students to see that developing a sense of when something is wrong is also part of learning how to do mathematics.

There is who views making an error in computations as evidence of lack of preparation. This can be true, as sometimes such errors are evidence that the instructor did not think through ahead of time all the details of the computation and all the difficulties that it might entail, or evidence of a pedagogically poor choice of example (e.g. one that leads to omplications in the computations that are not relevant to the principal point being taught). This sort of error should be avoided precisely because one should be prepared in this sense. If one find oneself making errors too frequently, one should take it as an indicator that one needs to prepare more carefully. On the other hand, with routine calculations (say solving a standard integration), one should not know already all the difficulties involved and should be able to do the computations on the fly, so to speak, doing so is often sound pedagogically because it permits the student to see one's thought process (also overpreparation can lead to a presentation that is too fast and too slick) and one's consistency checks and the like, and one can save preparation time (often in short supply) by not needlessly preparing in detail computations one can do in one's sleep - provided one anticipates that this approach inevitably leads to occasional errors on the board. What I mean in terms of an example - whether I pose the problem of finding the general solution of $$\ddot{x} + 2\dot{x} + 3x = \sin{t}$$ or $$\ddot{x} + 5\dot{x} + 7 x = e^{t}$$ is all sort of the same as long as I can calculate the discriminant of the characteristic equation in my head on the fly, to recognize that formally speaking these in the essential points the same problem. The real parts of the general solutions of the associated homogeneous equations are respectively $$e^{-t}$$ and $$e^{-5t/2}$$ and I might write $$e^{t}$$ or $$e^{5t/2}$$ on the board by accident; the key then is not to declare the exercise finished until having checked the results. (Moreover, in my case, I'm just as likely to make such a mistake in preprepared notes as I am to make it on the fly.)

A different sort of error is a conceptual error. This should never happen. One should know what one is talking about and adequate preparation definitely entails thinking through all the subtle points (whether or not one mentions them to students - sometimes precisely so as to decide which points to avoid or hide). If it does happen, the only thing to do is to be open and honest about it and to correct it clearly and insistently. Students will lose faith completely in a teacher who hides having made an error, but most everyone pardons once or twice an error corrected in good faith. On the other hand, making repeated errors of a conceptual sort will cause students to lose faith in the instructor, as it should.

Finally, I notice that I make minor errors more frequently when presenting material that for me is routine, boring, or lacks interesting contextualization (e.g. the ODE examples cited above would be less boring were they to arise in a physical context - and such a context also would provide intuition that would decide the sign of the real part of the solution). It can be a sign of going too fast, too blithely. Often one has to present such material, and as the years go by more and more material feels this way, but making errors doing it can be a sign that one lacks the engagement and enthusiasm necessary to concentrate adequately. If that's the case, one needs to do something to shake up one's own approach, simply to restore vitality to one's teaching.

In some classes, for nontrivial errors:

I pay them - immediately.

Several other people have mentioned rewards. I like the individual reward of chocolate in this answer and the class reward in this answer, but one fails to be public, and the other fails to reward the individual initiative that pointing out such an error requires. (At least in my post-secondary experience, it takes some guts to do so.)

I don't pay much; a quarter, usually, or occasionally a random coin from another country I have in my pocket - and sometimes I don't have any money on me. If you have your own lecture notes you make public in some fashion and they find errors, you should definitely pay them - you'd pay an editor to find embarrassing mistakes, right?

Don't forget this might be a bad choice of strategy in many contexts, depending on the socioeconomic stratum you deal with (you may be either much poorer or much richer than your students, for example). Also, sometimes you do not want to encourage the loudest to always be loud, in which case the donuts might be a better idea. But, properly handled, students never fail to be both baffled and more keen-eyed after doing it a few times - and eventually you don't have to have the carrot any more.

Related anecdote: I first heard of this idea after I'd been teaching for some time. A professor at a college I shall not name routinely took the first day of calculus and asked all kinds of questions, giving students a dollar per correct answer. Then anybody who had gotten money was abruptly told they were required to register for the next higher level of calculus! Good way to weed out the 'easy-A' seekers.