# Why don't we teach codomains of functions in high school?

When I was a university student, I learnt that a function is the data of three informations:

1. the rule that tells how to associate an object $x$ to its image $f(x)$,
2. A domain $E$ where live the values of $x$ that are transformed by $f$,
3. and a codomain $F$, a space where all images can lives.

So, an usual notation for an function is $f:\begin{array}{rcl} E & \to & F \\ x & \mapsto & f(x) \\ \end{array}$.

But, in high school textbook, as well as undergraduate textbook, a function is defined just by a formula, $y=x^2$ or $y=\sin(x)$. The domain is seldom part of the definition, but something the student has to compute, hence seen as an inherent property of the formula.

The codomain is, as far as I know, almost never mentioned. Most textbooks focus on the range. Since the range is the smallest possible codomain, I guess it may be for "economical" reasons, but it seems to me that it leads to me to misconceptions about functions. It also leads to shocking sentences like "the function is one-to-one, so it has an inverse" :(.

My question : what the pros and cons of not teaching the notion of codomain of a function?

• A great question. Perhaps at least part of the answer is that $\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ is so common it is overlooked in favour of instilling algebraic manipulation. In my opinion it is important to investigate functions that have radically different domains and codomains (perhaps assigning a primary colour to a number or something like. ) But I agree it definitely should be taught earlier.
– Karl
Apr 3, 2015 at 14:43
• I think the bigger problem is the one you point out "the domain is ... seen as an inherent property of the formula" which compounds students' confusion between functions and formulas (a confusion which is roughly ok till precalculus and then sets one up for failure in calculus and beyond). In fact, even through calculus, the codomain can be taken as $\mathbb{R}$ without serious interesting real-world-oriented counterexamples. May 1, 2015 at 18:57

Pros: People will potentially better understand ideas required for fairly abstract mathematics.

Cons: It pretty much doesn't matter to any field outside of pure mathematics. It would add to an already fairly gigantic list of things that we need to teach at the high school level. It is a pretty abstract concept to teach.

In general, range gets the concepts across well enough that if a student goes on to study mathematics in college they should be able to modify their definitions to include co-domain and properly apply it. Most of the country will never need that in ever. There's no reason to go beyond a basic overview of it at the high school level.

• Definitely matters outside of pure mathematics. Keeping careful track of domains and codomains is important in programming. Especially in functional programming. Apr 4, 2015 at 5:27
• @StevenGubkin It is important in programming, but types are not sets and this may cause more harm than good. I'm not saying that it would certainly be bad, just that it's not so obvious. Apr 4, 2015 at 20:57
• Forgive me for kind of venting my frustration on a random post, because this really has to do with a whole lot more. Anyways, what I want to say is that we should all benefit greatly from dispelling the "usefulness" criteria in choosing a mathematical curriculum. First of all, the actual set of topics for any school subject, is rarely what is "useful" later in life. Rather, general notions and skills (still regarding any subject) are what we gain. In mathematics, said notions or skills are simply the act of thinking. Just thinking, defining, laying out a scheme or what have you. Apr 6, 2015 at 18:08
• ... This goal I think is best achieved by presenting concepts in as loyal a form, to that as which they appear in "real mathematics", as possible. Apr 6, 2015 at 18:10

Codomain may be a relatively recent precision of the language.

You're interpreting "range" as only meaning the image, but "range" has also been used to mean the codomain. according to a couple of cites here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_%28mathematics%29 .

I agree it can be troublesome when the books are not carefully distinguishing these ideas. However, many students will be tasked with domain and range concepts from pre-algebra courses when their knowledge of functions is usually limited to discrete cases or linear real-valued functions. In later courses, students will see and write things like $\frac{x^2}{x-1}$ is a function from $\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$. This kind of serves as describing the function as "real inputted" with the origin set, and it provides the codomain explicitly. (Students are usually tasked to find the domain (meaning pre-image) and range (meaning image)).

A source of these confusions may be that the codomain is so often $\mathbb{R}$, that it is deemed automatic.

One way to tease out the difference with a class is to discuss the function of $student \to birthmonth$. Here you can say that the domain is students in the class (noting that you, the teacher, is not an element of the domain). The codomain is the set of twelve months. And the image is the actual set of months acquired, which may not be the entire codomain. (best if your students don't cover all 12 ;)

• A great idea. You could then change the codomain to the season you were born in.
– Karl
Apr 5, 2015 at 16:58